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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

一 |     On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。    北京时间8月13日，拉塞尔・威斯布鲁克征战NBA18个赛季，先后效力7支球队，他今日在社交媒体宣布退役。         “有些时候，你甚至浑然不觉，属于自己的篇章已然落幕。”37岁的威斯布鲁克在帖子中写道，推文附带一段职业生涯纪录片，由演员迈克尔・B・乔丹担任旁白。“唯有亲历者方能体会其中滋味。而现在，一切画上句号。”          据消息人士向ESPN记者Shams透露，这个休赛期，萨克拉门托国王队与华盛顿奇才队都向威斯布鲁克抛出了合同邀约，但他选择遵从自己的意愿告别赛场，就此结束NBA历史上数据表现最为耀眼的生涯之一。         威斯布鲁克在加州大学洛杉矶分校打完两个大学赛季后，于2008年NBA选秀大会第四顺位被西雅图超音速选中，但他从未代表这支球队在西雅图出战任何一场比赛。当年夏天，球队搬迁至俄克拉荷马城，威斯布鲁克迅速成长为雷霆队的核心支柱，这支球队此后常年跻身强队行列。         威斯布鲁克职业生涯大部分时光都留给雷霆，共计11个赛季。他曾与凯文・杜兰特、詹姆斯・哈登并肩作战，带领雷霆杀入2012年西部决赛并夺冠，挺进NBA总决赛，最终不敌迈阿密热火。总决赛第四战，年仅23岁的威斯布鲁克砍下43分。时至今日，他依旧保有雷霆队史得分、助攻、篮板、抢断四项数据纪录。         伤病来袭、阵容更迭，让这支星光熠熠的雷霆再也没能重返巅峰。2012-13赛季开打前，哈登被交易离队；2013年季后赛首轮，威斯布鲁克遭遇半月板撕裂；2015年季后赛，杜兰特足部骨折，球队赛季就此止步。

二 | 2016年季后赛，雷霆与取得73胜的金州勇士上演惊心动魄的七场大战，遗憾落败，同年夏天杜兰特选择加盟勇士。

三 |          但威斯布鲁克选择留守。在球队人心浮动、前景迷茫之际，他与雷霆完成续约。正值生涯黄金期的他撑起球队竞争力，还成功吸引保罗・乔治、卡梅隆・安东尼加盟俄克拉荷马城。

四 |          2016-17赛季，威斯布鲁克打出单赛季场均三双，成为继奥斯卡・罗伯特森1962年后第一人。该赛季他场均贡献31.6分10.7篮板10.4助攻，斩获常规赛MVP，同时轰下创NBA历史纪录的42次三双。         威斯布鲁克9次入选全明星，生涯场均20.9分6.9篮板8.0助攻。

五 | 他手握209次生涯三双，这项NBA历史纪录在2021年正式超越奥斯卡・罗伯特森保持多年的181次，而大O的纪录自1974年起尘封数十年。         2019-20赛季开启前，雷霆将乔治交易至洛杉矶快船，把威斯布鲁克送往休斯顿火箭。雷霆借此积攒大量交易筹码，重建阵容，最终打造出2025年NBA总冠军班底。         自此，威斯布鲁克开启辗转多队的生涯后半程。生涯最后七个赛季，他先后效力火箭、奇才、湖人、快船、掘金、国王。

六 | 即便步入三十多岁，他依旧保持稳定出勤与不俗赛场输出。         生涯最后一个赛季，威斯布鲁克代表国王首发出战58场，场均拿下15.2分6.7助攻5.4篮板。赛季期间，他成为NBA历史抢到篮板最多的控球后卫，对此他十分自豪；同时跻身历史仅有两位达成25000分+10000助攻的球员行列，另一位是勒布朗・詹姆斯。         威斯布鲁克生涯总助攻数位列NBA历史第五，仅次于约翰・斯托克顿、克里斯・保罗、贾森・基德与詹姆斯；总得分27176分，排在历史第14位。现役球员中，仅有詹姆斯、杜兰特、哈登三人得分高于他。

七 |          联盟消息称，近几周国王队曾与威斯布鲁克商讨续约事宜，但球队重点培养新秀控卫阿卡夫，若续约，威少只能接受角色进一步弱化。         威斯布鲁克的经纪人、Excel体育管理公司创始人兼首席执行官杰夫・施瓦茨在今天早些时候发表声明，谈及新版劳资协议设立第一、第二土豪线之后，威少这类老将难以获得合同的现状：“令人唏嘘，湖人卖出超过120亿美元天价，可各支球队却受现行劳资协议限制不愿为老将投入资金。感谢球员工会。

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